ABSTRAT:

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has undergone a remarkable transformation over the past decades, beginning with the development of neural networks that enabled machines to learn patterns from data. The rise of deep learning in the 2010s, fueled by advances in computational power and large datasets, unlocked breakthroughs in image recognition, speech processing, and natural language understanding. Building on these foundations, the introduction of transformer architectures paved the way for foundation models—large, pre‑trained systems such as GPT and BERT—that can be adapted to a wide range of tasks with minimal fine‑tuning.

This evolution reflects a trajectory from specialized models to general‑purpose AI systems, highlighting both opportunities and challenges. Foundation models demonstrate unprecedented scalability and versatility, but they also raise concerns about bias, explainability, energy consumption, and governance. As AI continues to advance, the integration of interpretability, ethical safeguards, and human oversight will be crucial to ensure that these powerful models serve society responsibly.

Biography:

Dr. Yajnaseni Dash received her Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in 2022. She is currently associated with KIET Deemed to be University. She has previously served as an Assistant Professor at Bennett University and SRM University. She has been honored with prestigious grants, including the National Science Foundation (NSF) Travel Grant and the World Bank Trust Fund for Statistical Capacity Building (WB-TFSCB) Grant. Dr. Dash has published several research papers in reputed peer-reviewed journals and international conference proceedings. Her research interests span artificial intelligence, healthcare analytics, climate change, and computational approaches for real-world applications. She has received multiple recognitions for her academic contributions, including the Austin Student Travel Grant, the RST Award from IIT Delhi, and Best Paper Awards at IEEE conferences.

Address:Assistant Professor, Department of CSE, FET(ITER), Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), India, , Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India, 751030